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關(guān)于英語動(dòng)詞不定式作后置修飾語的若干問題
英語非限是動(dòng)詞有三種形式:動(dòng)詞不定式(The Infinitive)、分詞(The participle)和動(dòng)名詞(The Gerun d)。這三種形式都可以用作名詞(或短語)的后置修飾語。作后置修飾語的可以是單一非限定動(dòng)詞,也可以是 “非限定動(dòng)詞+狀語或賓語”構(gòu)成的非限定動(dòng)詞短語。本文擬結(jié)合筆者多年教學(xué)實(shí)踐,并參考R.Quirk等人著的 "A comprehensiveGrammar of the English Language"(Published in U.S.A by LongmanGroup Limited.1985 )的有關(guān)章節(jié)(以下簡稱(CGOEL),就動(dòng)詞不定式作后置修飾語的若干問題進(jìn)行探討。一、動(dòng)詞不定式作限制性后置修飾語
動(dòng)詞不定式作限制性后置修飾語可以有各種不同的時(shí)態(tài):
to meet/to have met The girl to be met/to have been met is my sister.
to be meeting
1.不定式作后置修飾語有時(shí)只能用主動(dòng)語態(tài),有時(shí)只能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。有時(shí)能用主動(dòng)語態(tài)也能用被動(dòng)語態(tài), 意思相同,有時(shí)又不同。什么時(shí)候可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài),什么時(shí)候可以用被動(dòng)語態(tài),要根據(jù)不同的語境來決定。
作后置修飾語的不定式與被修飾的名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)(即不定式前的被修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作的對(duì)象) ,用主動(dòng)語態(tài)或被動(dòng)語態(tài)在語義上沒有什么區(qū)別,如:
This is a difficult question to answer/to be answered.
He is the man to select/to be selected.
如果較多地考慮做動(dòng)作的人而較少地考慮動(dòng)作的本身,用主動(dòng)語態(tài)的不定式顯得比較自然,如:
This is the best loading port to choose. for us/for you to choose. that we/you should choose.
但在某些情況下,只有用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的不定式才顯得自然,如:
He is the only man/to be killed to kill in the accident.
The book to be found/to find in the room is George's.
有時(shí)不定式雖然與被修飾的名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,但又與句子主語或間接賓語存在主謂關(guān)系,這時(shí)用主動(dòng)語 態(tài)比較妥當(dāng),用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的不定式就顯得不自然,如:
to do/to be done. I have got a lot of homework
that I can/must do.
to read/to be read. I've given yor the newspaper
that yor can read.
試比較:
Have you anything to take/to be taken?
anything that you take./anything that will
be taken by me or someone else.
如果作表語的不定式與主語存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這時(shí)只能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式。下面句子中的不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)不 宜改為主動(dòng)語態(tài):
The exercises are to be done in the class.
trucks are to be turned out next month.
但也有例外。下面句子中作表語的不定式雖然與主語存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,但習(xí)慣上要用主動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式:
The goods are to sell.
He is to blame.
如果我們要將上述不定式與另一個(gè)不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)進(jìn)行比較,則可以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
The flat is to be sold,not to be let.
He is to be blamed,not to be praised.
但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,用主動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式或被動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式在意思上無多少差別。如果我們更多地 考慮做動(dòng)作的人而較少地考慮動(dòng)作的本身,就用主動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式,如:
There was no time to lose/to be lost.
There are some books to choose/to be choosen.
2.作為后置修飾語的不定式相對(duì)應(yīng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系分句。不定式在相對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系分句中,關(guān)系代詞不僅可以是 主語,也可以是賓語。此外,不定式轉(zhuǎn)換成關(guān)系分句也可由關(guān)系副詞(作狀語)引導(dǎo),如:
to meet you 作主語:The girl is Mary.
who will meet you
(for you)to ask 作賓語:The girl is my sister.
&nbs
p; (whom)you should ask
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